One of the earliest steps in the development of atherosclerosis is recruitment of inflammatory cells from the blood to the arterial wall by vascular cell adhesion molecules (VCAM), and in vitro studies show resveratrol decreased the expression VCAM-1 [78] and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) mRNA [79] by suppressing nuclear factor AP-1 activation [77]. Here, MMP9 is linked to atherosclerosis.