In the bone marrow microenvironment, mesenchymal stem cells and metastatic prostate cancer cells can produce TGF-β, which is reported to play a significant role in prostate cancer progression, as indicated by its release in sera of advanced patients[12] and by the TGF-β inhibitors' ability in preventing the formation of bone metastasis in preclinical models[13]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and prostate carcinoma.