VEGFA and neoplasm: DCN has been shown to inhibit tumor cell-mediated production of the angiogenic molecules vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), and c-Met, whilst simultaneously inducing the production of the antiangiogenic, angiostatic molecules thrombospondin-1 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 (TIMP3) [63, 64].