GFAP and central nervous system cancer: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A (VEGF-A) [43], GFAP [18] and muscle-specific pyruvate kinase-M2 [44] (PKM2) are upregulated in glioma, and the level of upregulation of VEGF, VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) [45], GFAP [19], and PKM2 [46] correlate with tumor grade and lethality (review [47]).