In cancer cells, no similar genome-wide studies have been conducted, but single-gene studies appear to show analogous findings: TF switches (where SMADs exchange binding partners) can occur and result in redirecting of SMADs from the promoters of tumor suppressor genes to promoters of oncogenes, concomitant with altered transcription of those target genes (Gomis et al., 2006, Seoane et al., 2004, Xu et al., 2015). Here, TF is linked to cancer.