Because the inflammatory caspases are activated downstream of Nlrc4 and Naip5 and since caspase-11 and -1 have been shown to modulate the activity of cofilin, we investigated whether Nlrc4 and/or Naip5 are able to control the phosphorylation status of cofilin in response to Legionella. WT, Nlrc4−/−, and Naip5−/− macrophages were infected and 1 and 2 hrs of infection, both Nlrc4−/− and Naip5−/− cells failed to dephosphorylate cofilin when compared to WT cells (Fig. 5b). Here, NLRC4 is linked to infection.