PAPSS2 and osteoporosis: As serum magnesium levels were associated with hypertension, diabetes, and osteoporosis in previous studies, we further re-analyzed our discovery cohort stratified by disease groups (individuals with hypertension, diabetes or osteoporosis; individuals without any conditions of hypertension, diabetes or osteoporosis), and the FGFR2 and PAPSS2 loci were significant in both groups (Supplementary Table 4).