BANF1 and infection: To further confirm whether autophagy inhibits pyroptosis in S. pneumoniae D39-infected microglial cells, BV-2 cells were incubated with actinomycin D (ACT-D), a general transcriptional inhibitor used for inhibiting autophagy induced by ER-stress, or bafilomycin A1 (BAF-A1), a well-known inhibitor of the late phase of autophagy, for 2 h prior to D39 infection.