Due to the dual function of TGFβ as a tumor-suppressor and tumor-promotor, it is paramount to fully elucidate context-dependent TGFβ-mediated actions and accordingly it is pivotal that the role of critical tumor microenvironmental factors such as the presence and role of cancer-activated fibroblasts (CAFs) is fully understood. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.