Bafilomycin is a specific inhibitor of vacuolar-type H+-ATPase that prevents acidification of endosomes, and inhibits the activity of pH dependent lysosomal proteases.19, 29, 30 Recent data suggest that chloroquine acts by inducing conformational modifications in nucleic acids that reduce TLR binding, rather than by changing endosomal pH.19 Our findings highlight endosomal pH, and TLRs located within endosomes, as important factors involved in the initiation of IFN-I synthesis during HRV infections in healthy people and those with asthma. The gene discussed is ATP6V1A; the disease is asthma.