In our study, a higher level of protons in the mitochondrial matrix can be deduced from the up-regulation of the mitochondrial respiratory chain gene Cox41i. It has been described that the skeletal insulin resistance and the onset of type 2 diabetes produced an impairment of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, which is, in turn, potently activated by exercise [38]. This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus.