Whereas neither TIMP-2 nor IGFBP7 was elevated in patients without AKI being unaffected by important co-morbidities such as chronic kidney disease, diabetes, and sepsis, patients with a [TIMP-2]*[IGFBP7] greater than 0.3 had seven times the risk for AKI. This evidence concerns the gene IGFBP7 and diabetes mellitus.