CST3 and acute kidney injury: In line with previous findings plasma and/or urine biomarkers were significantly elevated in AKI in comparison to non-AKI patients and differentiated AKI and non-AKI patients earlier than plasma creatinine or cystatin C. The discriminative performance (based on AUC-ROC analyses) of biomarkers for detection of AKI increased with time after CPB, as previously described [52,53], but their advantage over plasma creatinine was better early after CPB (2 and 4h).