CFLAR and neoplasm: The clinical implication of our findings are that although TRAIL alone is a potential therapy which requires unconventional methods to determine tumour efficacy, a much more effective therapeutic strategy would be to also inhibit cFLIP (Fig. 5), the consequences of which would not just be a sensitisation to TRAIL but also a reduction in Wnt signalling and therefore potentially a reduction in bCSC self-renewal and proliferation.