TLR1 and malaria: We found that sporozoite lysates could activate either TLR2 homodimers or TLR2 heterodimers with TLR1 or TLR6 (Fig. 2A), which was consistent with the activation of TLR2/6 and TLR2/1 by GPIs from Trypanosome cruzi33 and the blood stage of malaria parasites, respectively15.