Consistent with these results, we found that the removal of the spleen significantly abrogated G-CSF-induced MDSC accumulation in tumors and enhanced the efficacy of cisplatin in mice (Figs 2F and 5B, Supplementary Figure S3A), indicating that the spleen also acts as an MDSC reservoir in our mouse model, and hence, is a potential therapeutic target for treatments that aim to enhance the effectiveness of chemotherapy in G-CSF-producing cervical cancer. Here, CSF3 is linked to cervical cancer.