The disparity of these results could be due to vitamin E not being cancer preventive at the supra-nutritional level, significant roles for other vitamin E isoforms, such as γ- and δ-tocopherols [24], or genetic diversity among dietary intervention trial participants contributing to unrecognized heterogeneity in how they utilized vitamin E. Our study found considerable heterogeneity among the tumors in expression of TAP, the vitamin E binding protein, and its significant association with cancer progression. This evidence concerns the gene AFM and cancer.