A human genome-wide association study (GWAS) on a cohort of 488 patients with symptoms of TDS, comprising 212 patients with TGCT, 138 with cryptorchidism, 31 with hypospadias, and 107 with infertility found an association with genetic markers located in the region of TGFβR3 (transforming growth factor, beta receptor III) and BMP7 (bone morphogenetic protein 7) (Dalgaard et al. 2012). Here, TGFBR3 is linked to testicular germ cell tumor.