Moreover, the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways are activated in AD brain (Zhu et al., 2002; Pearson et al., 2006) and promote neurodegeneration during AD progression (Mills et al., 1997; Desdouits-Magnen et al., 1998; Bozyczko-Coyne et al., 2001; Borsello and Forloni, 2007). The gene discussed is MAPK8; the disease is Alzheimer disease.