GRN and acute myeloid leukemia: In summary, our results indicate that exposure of AML cells to CNGRC-GG-D(KLAKLAK)2 elicits a series of related events e.g. Ca2+ influx, ΔΨm disruption, mitochondrial O2− generation and 88 kDa progranulin inactivation, and a mechanism of action is proposed in Figure 12.