IFNA1 and anogenital human papillomavirus infection: While cytokine-based treatments have not been widely investigated in cervical precancerous lesions or cancer, IFN treatments (primarily α and β) for HPV type 6- and 11-induced genital warts have been widely used (Yliskoski and others 1991; Olmos and others 1994; Friedman-Kien 1995; Beutner and Ferenczy 1997; Syed and Ahmadpour 1998), and a systematic review demonstrated that local administration was more effective than systemic use (Yang and others 2009).