TNF and neoplasm: Other cytokines such as tumor-necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the BM can modulate the adhesion of MM cells in the BM by inducing nuclear factor- (NF-) κB. NF-κB-dependent upregulation of cell surface adhesion molecules such as ICAM1 and vascular cell-adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM1), on both MM cells and BMSCs, increases the binding capacity of tumor cells and BMSCs and induces the transcription and secretion of cytokines such as IL-6 and VEGF in BMSCs [27].