MAPK3 and neoplasm: Furthermore, EVs from BM-MSCs have been reported to not only transport tumor regulatory miRNAs, antiapoptotic proteins, and metabolites but also enhance the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) through the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway to promote growth of various tumors [68, 69].