INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Previously, the frequency of Proleukin dosing has been empirically derived from clinical experience of high-dose Proleukin as immunotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma27 and HIV infection.28 We now know that these high doses of Proleukin given in ‘on then off’ treatment cycles are more suitable for cancer treatment to activate Teffs and are not optimal for preserving insulin secretion and treating T1D.