Children diagnosed under age five usually progress rapidly and completely lose their ability to make insulin, whereas those diagnosed as adolescents or adults may preserve a low level of insulin production for decades.3 Enhancing β-cell survival and function is a key goal of T1D immunotherapy because preservation of even small amounts of endogenous insulin production can reduce the requirement for exogenous insulin, a potentially dangerous drug. This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus.