Importantly, several of the genes that emerged from our analyses have been previously shown to be important in bladder cancer biology, including KRT20, IGF2, CTSE, ANXA10 and CRH. These genes have already been proposed for a panel of molecular markers to improve the diagnosis and follow-up of UBC as part of a 12-gene expression urine signature to identify patients suffering from UBC and predict tumor aggressiveness [38]. The gene discussed is CTSE; the disease is neoplasm.