Another study conducted by Liu et al. showed that factors such as age, sex, duration of diabetes, BMI, systolic blood pressure, HbA1C and insulin consumption have relationship with the severity of diabetic retinopathy, while the age of onset of diabetes, high diastolic blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, triglycerides, and smoking had no significant relationship with retinopathy (13). Here, INS is linked to diabetes mellitus.