INS and diabetes mellitus: In this study, the several risk factors associated with retinopathy were evaluated and showed that many factors are associated with retinopathy including :age, duration of diabetes, history of ischemic heart disease, nephropathy, neuropathy, insulin consumption, family history of diabetes, body mass index (BMI), serum hemoglobin level, HbA1c, FBS, BS2hpp, BUN and creatinine.