ACEI/ARB did show its preventive effect in patients with HF with reduced LV ejection fraction from some retrospective studies40, 41, 42; however, this effect could not be reproduced in patients without structural heart disease in the Angiotensin II-antagonist in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (ANTIPAF) trial43. Here, AGT is linked to Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.