TLR7 and infection: Upon infection, IAV activates a complex network of endosomal and cytosolic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as TLR-3 and TLR-7 (toll-like receptors), and RIG-I and MDA-5 (RIG-I-like receptors) which then activates NF-κB signaling for the induction of pro-inflammatory host cell defence mechanisms [10, 43].