In contrast, in the 0.01–1 mg E5415A group, loss of AQP4, EAAT2, and GFAP was marked in the Iba1-positive perivascular areas, especially in 1 mg E5415A (Fig. 3a−f), in which multiple perivascular localization of lesions have previously been reported in autopsied NMO cases and in some experimental NMO models [17, 19]. Here, AQP4 is linked to neuromyelitis optica.