TNF and type 1 diabetes mellitus: However, the IA2A-positive T1D group showed a tendency towards higher IL-1β (Mann–Whitney U-test, U = 68, p = 0.0312), TNF-ɑ (U = 64, p = 0.0208), IFN-γ (U = 69, p = 0.0359), GM-CSF (U = 72, p = 0.0456), and IL-10 (p = 0.0416) levels compared to IA2A-negative patients (Fig 3).