In T2DM, amyloid deposits were initially assumed to be composed of insulin; however, in 1987 two different groups discovered that the major component of islet amyloid is a 37-residue polypeptide pancreatic hormone [7, 8], initially named insulinoma amyloid peptide [9], then diabetes-associated peptide [7], and finally islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) [8] or amylin [10]. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.