Jude Children’s Research Hospital, where haploidentical NK cells modified with anti-CD19-BB-ζ CAR were infused into patients with B-ALL (ClinicalTrials.gov.NCT00995137) and the other is an ongoing study at the National University Hospital in Singapore (ClinicalTrials.gov.NCT01974479) using IL-2-activated haploidentical CAR-modified NK cells in pediatric and adult patients with refractory B-ALL (99). Here, CD19 is linked to precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.