Notably, VpaE1 could also infect E. coli K ΔwaaB and ΔwaaZ (lack Gal and KdoIII residues, respectively), while both ΔwaaF and ΔwaaC (the inner core OS truncated down to KdoI and KdoI-HepI, respectively) mutants were resistant to VpaE1 infection. The gene discussed is GAL; the disease is infection.