TP53 and cancer: OS arise owing to mutations in the TP53 tumour suppressor gene2, 3, 4 and a plethora of other cancer drivers, as for example RB1 (refs 2, 3, 4), ATRX2, 3, DLG23 (ref. 2), RUNX2 (ref. 5), WRN6, 7, RECQL4 (refs 5, 7, 8), CDKN2A/B9, BLM7, PTEN3 and other PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway members‘ each of which contribute only to a small proportion of patients.