HAMP and malaria: Hepcidin concentrations were more than doubled in individuals with asymptomatic P. falciparum parasitaemia (5·29 ng/ml; 3·39, 8·25 compared to 2·18 ng/ml; 1·82, 2·61; p < 0·0005 in aparasitaemic individuals) and malaria parasitaemia explained 7% of the variation in hepcidin (p < 0·0005).