The biomarkers with the greatest fold increase in the AD (Table 1) were osteopontin, carnosine dipeptidase 1 (CNDP1) and malate dehydrogenase, and were approximately 4.7-, 3.4-, 3.2- and 3.2-fold higher in the AD group compared to the control cohort, respectively. The gene discussed is PHGDH; the disease is Alzheimer disease.