However, in the present study, this transcription-related protein was sometimes observed in the cell cytoplasm, which is in agreement with previous reports in which NANOG was occasionally detected in the cytoplasm of highly primitive undifferentiated stem cells or tumor cells from patients with poor prognoses; these findings may be related to the pluripotency of stem cells and invasive or recurrent cancer cells [22, 23]. The gene discussed is NANOG; the disease is neoplasm.