LEP and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Although the mechanisms of acupuncture for treating obesity remain unclear, it involves a suppression of appetite34; regulation of obesity-related peptides (increases cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide and decreases ghrelin and leptin)35, 36 and fat metabolism (decreases total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, lipoprotein A, and apolipoprotein B levels)37, 38; and increases in insulin and C-peptide levels and, in cases of obesity, decreases in glucose levels39.