INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: AdipoR1 deficient mice have been shown to have impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and increased endogenous production of glucose (Yamauchi et al., 2007), while adipoR2 knock-out mice are lean, resistant to diet-induced obesity, weight gain and hepatic steatosis, and display reduced plasma cholesterol and lower fasting insulin.