Indeed subsequent studies using models of pressure overload and chronic isoprenaline infusion-induced heart failure, suggested that I-1 overexpression is associated with a preserved cardiac function, an attenuated development of cardiac hypertrophy and a lower degree of fibrosis and apoptosis (Pathak et al., 2005; Chen et al., 2010; Ishikawa et al., 2014). Here, PPP1R1A is linked to heart failure.