INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: It has been demonstrated that the peripheral infusion of nesfatin-1 could significantly affect glucose metabolism through a direct peripheral mechanism to increase insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity (Gonzalez et al., 2011; Li et al., 2013) but both increased and decreased plasma levels of nesfatin-1 were reported in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (Li et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2012).