Because upregulation of certain proteins, such as pendrin, might aggravate asthma or COPD symptoms, whereas the downregulation of ENaC and the downregulation of CLCA1 might be protective (Figure 5), it is unsurprising that pharmacological strategies aimed at the blocking of the IL-4/IL-13 pathway are not as successful as they were anticipated to be [93]. The gene discussed is IL13; the disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.