CAFs are frequently observed in the stroma of human carcinoma and secrete a variety of soluble factors such as transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) [17], stromal cell-derived factor 1, and other soluble factors, which act in a paracrine manner and affect not only cancer cells but also other cell types present in the stroma [18]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is carcinoma.