Based on the following choice criteria of gene recurrence, high priority, cancer relevance and new presence in disease progression, 26 marker genes (ANKRD11, ASIC2, ASXL1, DACH1, DHX9, FZR1, GTF2B, HCST, ITIH3, KIF20B, MED23, MEST, NUMBL, PHF14, PTPRD, RBM10, ROBO1, ROBO2, SRSF2, ST8SIA1, TDG, U2AF1, UPD3A, ZMPSTE24, EZH2 and SF3B1) were screened for targeted next-generation sequencing (detailed mutation information is shown in Supplementary Table 4). Here, PTPRD is linked to cancer.