Likewise, we found IFNL3 transcription not to be activated in tissue specimens from chronic hepatitis C patients (n = 57) when comparing it to tissue samples from individuals with healthy livers (n = 12), to those with liver diseases of non-viral etiology (n = 26) or to those with chronic hepatitis B (n = 18) (Fig 1A). This evidence concerns the gene IFNL3 and chronic hepatitis B virus infection.