CCL2 and liver dysplastic nodule: In addition, inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), chemokines including monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) have been shown to contribute to the development of DN, where activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling, the classic inflammation pathway, is a key mechanism that regulates inflammatory cytokines in a complex manner [2, 4].