1995; Chattou et al. 1999; Bracken et al. 2006), which is in keeping with our current findings in STZ rat AVN. Previous studies in an insulin-deficient diabetic mice model (Akita mouse) have shown that the peak amplitude of L-type calcium current is reduced compared to control (Lu et al. 2007). Studies of type II diabetes in mouse (db/db; [Pereira et al. 2006; ] and rat (Zucker diabetic fatty; (Howarth et al. 2011), have also demonstrated a significant decrease in ICaL amplitude. Here, INS is linked to avascular necrosis.