Thus far, several studies have analyzed how alterations in Klotho levels affect insulin, IGF1, mTOR-mediated signaling, and Wnt-mediated signaling, as well as oxidative stress, nitric oxide production, activity of ion channels, oligodendrocyte differentiation, development of Alzheimer's disease, and neuroprotection processes in brain. Here, KL is linked to early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.