INS and early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease: Thus far, several studies have analyzed how alterations in Klotho levels affect insulin, IGF1, mTOR-mediated signaling, and Wnt-mediated signaling, as well as oxidative stress, nitric oxide production, activity of ion channels, oligodendrocyte differentiation, development of Alzheimer's disease, and neuroprotection processes in brain.