However, both GLP-1 analogues and DPP-4 inhibitors confer protection against cardiac dysfunction/remodelling associated with experimental MI, dilated cardiomyopathy, and hypertensive CHF in the absence of metabolic changes [15, 23, 31, 33], indicating that GLP-1 exerts direct cardiac effects. This evidence concerns the gene DPP4 and myocardial infarction.