Although T/H mice do not develop spontaneous tumors after more than one year follow up, perhaps because they overexpressed p38 MAPK which is a known tumor suppressor in the liver [41], they generated a three-fold higher number of carcinomas than control mice when exposed to DEN, supporting an oncogenic role for IF1 and a tumor-suppressive role for an enhanced activity of OXPHOS in the liver. Here, ATP5IF1 is linked to neoplasm.